English:
Relative dating is a tough-seeming concept. There are many things that feel too complicated, but in reality, once the three principles are memorized, it becomes quite easy. These principles are the principle of original horizontality, the principle of superposition, and the principle of uniformitarianism. Using these principles, anyone can find out when pretty much any rock layer was formed. First, the principle of original horizontality basically states that all rock layers, when formed, are perfectly horizontal. This means that if any rock layer appears to be bent, it was not originally formed that way. Second, the principle of superposition states that the bottom-most rock layer will be the oldest, with each rock layer on top of it being younger than the previous one, unless they are disturbed after their formation. Third, the principle of uniformitarianism states that if something occurs a certain way now, then it probably did in the same way in the past. This basically means that the same processes that we know about have been occurring forever in the same way. In addition, there are also several other helpful things that can help determine the time that geologic events or rock layers in different places were formed, such as correlation of rock types and matching index fossils. There are many other terms related to this. Uplift is when the rock layers are pushed upwards. This is then usually followed by erosion, which removes parts of the surface of the top-most rock later. After erosion occurs, the rock layers are brought back downwards, in a process called submergence. Then, deposition of a new rock layer will occur, and the process will likely repeat. However, there are many other things that could happen to alter these rock layers in many ways. Probably the most common of these are tilting and folding. Tilting is just as it sounds: the rock layers begin to tilt to an angle that makes them not horizontal. Folding occurs when pressure is put on the rock bed not top to bottom, but left to right (horizontally). This will fold the rock layers in a way that will make them look wavy, or like a ribbon. One that also sometimes happens when the rock layers have pressure from both sides is called faulting, in which the entire bed of rock layers splits, and one side either falls, rises, or pushes over top of or underneath the other. Faulting can occur at almost any angle. In addition, intrusions and extrusions of molten igneous rock can also occur. Intrusions occur when the molten rock melts the surrounding rock and pushes its way through the rock layers, but does not make it out of the top into open air. Extrusions are much the same, except they do break out of the youngest rock layer into the open air. Whatever parts of the rock layers that the molten rock melts as it seeps through have contact metamorphism applied to them. This fact is essential in determining if something is an intrusion or extrusion. If there is a part of the rock layers that the now solid igneous rock is touching, but there is no contact metamorphism between them, it was an extrusion. If not, it was an intrusion. Finally, buried erosional surfaces are rock layers that are now covered whose tops have been eroded. This, along with the types of fossils that are present and any intrusions or extrusions, can help reveal changes that occurred in ancient environments. Knowing all this, relative dating is simple. All it consists of is taking various cross-sections of rock beds, and from these, determine a logical sequence of events that caused it to look exactly this way, and then determine the relative age of each layer. The rock type of each layer is usually marked and a name is given to each layer in the cross-section so that it's easier to distinguish them. The three principles make determining what happened extremely easy. Using the principle of original horizontality, it can be determined if a rock layer, several rock layers, or the entire bed was tilted or folded; superposition will help determine the basic order of the rock layers; and uniformitarianism will help show which layers have been changed together and which were changed separately. So, relative dating is simple. Just memorize the three principles: original horizontality, superposition, and uniformitarianism and it should be easy. Correlating rock types and index fossils from different places can help show things that happened in the past to bring them apart. Changes in ancient environments can be determined by observing the types of fossils, any buried erosional surfaces, and intrusions and extrusions. The basic premise is simple: oldest rock layers are typically on the bottom, each one above it younger. Match the rocks together, and the general relative age of each will appear.

Engrish Translation:
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